In this paper we present a detailed theoretical treatment of the 3-D temperature distribution induced by laser beam in photothermal displacement spectroscopy. We assume that a solid sample, which is deposited on-a substrate and is in contact with a fluid, is irradiated by an intensity modulated cw laser source. By using a technique based on Green's function and integral transformations we find the explicit expression for temperature distribution function. This function which depends on the properties of the laser beam and optical and thermal properties of the sample, the substrate and the fluid, exhibits the characteristics of a damped thermal wave. Numerical analysis of the temperature distribution for a certain sample (GaAs) reveals that the behavior of thermal wave is not so sensitive with respect to the variation of the modulation frequency. On the other hand; we find that the temperature of the sample surface decreases with increasing modulation frequency because of the thermal inertia of the sample. Furthermore, the effective thermal length decreases with increasing modulation frequency, thereby making the decay of photothermal signal faster.

Photothermal lensing signal was experimentally investigated by using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) of Nd: YAG laser with energies of E0 = 7, 10, and 15 mJ. The medium used in this experiment was N2 at atmospheric pressure, seeded with N02 to make the medium more absorbing. The experiment was carried out for an optically thin medium (1025PPM NO2) as well as for an optically thick medium (5125 PPM NO2). The results show that the signal shape highly depends on the thickness of the medium as well as the pump energy.

Charge and spin transport properties of a clean $SNS$ Josephson junction (triplet superconductor-normal metal-triplet superconductor) are studied using the quasiclassical Eilenberger equation of Green’s function. Our system consists of two p-wave superconducting crystals separated by a Copper nano layer. Effects of thickness of normal layer between superconductors on the spin and charge currents are investigated. Also misorientation between triplet superconductors which creates the spin current is another subject of this paper.

The utilization of solar energy as the cleanest and most abundant source of energy available, as an environmentally friendly solution, is proposed to overcome the global problem of lack of potable water. It is common to use photothermal materials to harvest and store solar energy in steam production systems. These materials are classified into three main groups, including carbon-based materials, plasmonic metals, and semiconductors. Among them, the use of carbon nanomaterials has been greatly welcomed by researchers. this attention is due to its appropriate features such as high absorption level, abundance, reasonable price, and availability in nature. In this article, by introducing solar steam production systems (SSG), the characteristics and mechanism of light absorption in photothermal materials are discussed. This paper is focusing on the carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene as an attractive two-dimensional nanostructure with unique optical properties. In the following, some of the research conducted in this field are briefly reviewed.

Regarding the diagnostic value of F.Wave in evaluation of a variety of neurologic disorders, and due to lack of normal values of F.Wave in Iran, we measured F.Wave latency of median and ulnar nerves in 50 healthy individuals in Shiraz, in 1997.This descriptive study was carried out on 50 volunteers in whom no abnormality found in neurologic examination. F.Wave was recorded with subjects in sitting position and room temperature by Dantec Neuromatic 2000c electromyography.Stimulation was applied at wrist and elbow, recorded by surface electrodes placed on intrinsic hand muscles. At least 10 F.Waves were recorded in each site and the least F.Wave latency was considered as minimal F.Wave latency.Maximum normal F.Wave latency for Median nerve was 25.7 ms for women and 28.5ms for men with simulation at the wrist. It was 23 ms and 25ms respectively with simulation at the elbow. Maximum normal F.Wave latency for ulnar nerve was 26.4 ms for women and 28.9 ms for men with stimulation at the wrist.It was 23.1 ms and 25.3 ms for men and women respectively with stimulation at the elbow. Maximum normal difference in F.Wave latency between right and left upper extremities with simulation at the wrist for total group was 2.2 ms for Median nerve and 2.4 ms for ulnar nerve. Maximum normal difference in F.Wave latency between Median and ulnar nerve in an extremity with stimulation at the wrist for total group was 2.7ms.There was statistically significant difference in F.Wave latency between women and men (P<0.05), which could be due to lower arm length in women than men.The study also revealed lower F.Wave latencies, compared to other references, which may be due to lower height of Iranian than western countries.

In this paper, we study the analytical capabilities of photothermal lens spectroscopy technique for detection of trace amounts of contaminants in water. We use an experimental setup with two continuum lasers as pump and probe beams. Different concentrations of iron ions diluted in solvents with relative proportions 4: 1 of water: ethanol is studied. To increase the technique sensitivity, lock-in amplifier and intensity modulation of the pump beam have been used. Additionally, the photothermal signal dependence on modulation frequency is investigated and the best working frequency according to signal enhancement and the lowest standard deviation is found to be 6 Hz. The obtained Limit of detection for doubly ionized iron at the optimum frequency is 20 ng/L.

Background: Despite the enormous effort has been done for cancer therapy, fabricating targeted drug delivery platform which can effectively eliminate cancer is a challenge. Methods: In this study, we have developed a novel platform composed of graphene oxide (GO), poly-l-lysine (PLL), Herceptin (Her) and doxorubicin (DOX) for chemo-photothermal therapy. GO has been prepared using the hummers method. The morphology of the prepared carriers has studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The successful conjugation of PLL and Her to the surface of GO has been examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). DOX loading on GO sheets was characterized using UV-Vis absorption spectra. MTT and live/dead assay have been administrated to study the synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy potential of the carries. Results: FTIR shows the successful conjugation of the PLL and Herceptin to the GO surface. TGA analysis suggests that, in comparison to GO, GO-PLL has higher thermal stability. In addition, DOX loading efficiency is around 78. 5 ± 4. 3 %. Also, Live /dead and MTT assays reveal that the introduced carrier can effectively kill cancerous cells via chemo-photothermal effects. Conclusion: Our results have suggested that the novel carrier is a versatile platform for chemo-photothermal therapy application.